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The first part of this Crash Course U.S. History video describes the causes of the Industrial Revolution, especially the Civil War.
Click here to watch a half hour video on The American Industrial Revolution created by United Learning, part of Discovery Education. Teacher's guide to this video can be found here.
This website talks about the industry and economy during the civil war and how the industry grew after the war
This video is about 5 minutes long and talks about the economic effects of the U.S Civil war
Economic Factors
• The newly established transcontinental railroad allowed raw materials to be sent to manufacturers in a cost-efficient manner. • Americans began migrating from rural to more urban areas, providing a workforce for factories. • Lack of free labor in the South forced Americans to find a new labor base. This base was the “blue collar worker.”
Here for a video by CrashCourse and how the Railroad changed the Industrial Revolution
"The Industrial Revolution in part was fueled by the economic necessity of many women, single and married, to find waged work outside their home. Women mostly found jobs in domestic service, textile factories, and piece work shops. They also worked in the coal mines. For some, the Industrial Revolution provided independent wages, mobility and a better standard of living. For the majority, however, factory work in the early years of the 19th century resulted in a life of hardship." [10]
"The experiences of African American and immigrant women were different from America-born women of European descent. Gender definitions and the rise of industrialization shaped the labor experiences of all women, but African Americans and immigrants faced the added burdens of racial and ethnic perceptions. As women’s labor expanded and changed during the 19th century, women workers in various occupations united into workers’ organizations for labor reform." [11]This diary entry offers a view into the life of the famous female workers of the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts.
The Industrial Revolution: A Boon to Industry, A Bane to Childhood
Working Conditions of Children Days were frequently very long, about 12-14 hours (sometimes up to 19 hours) with a 1 hour break. They were paid very little, if at all. Many orphans worked without pay in exchange for clothes, shelter, and food, all of which were of low standards. The children were often hurt or killed by the machinery. It was also common for supervisors to beat them for not following directions or not meeting quotas. Click here for more information.
Click here for a quick video on working conditions of children during the industrial revolution
Click here for a BBC site on child labor in developing countries in present day.
African Americans in the Industrial Revolution
Industrialization also affected the African American population. Even though slavery had now been outlawed by law African American citizens were not free from discrimination during the Industrial Revolution.
Electricity is able to be generated for the first time, and is demonstrated at the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair.
Telegraph
Perfected by Samuel Morse, the telegraph allowed for messages to be transmitted over long distances.
The use of telegraphs relied on a special language of communication called "Morse code."
In 1870 John Gast's painting titled American Progress showed a woman representing the United States strings telegraph wire as she travels across the Western frontier. The areas in front of her are dark because they have not yet been brought the benefits of modern industry.
Metallurgy
Metallurgy extracts metal from ores to purify and alloy metals
This presentation shows information of metallurgy in the Industrial Revolution
Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone
The Telephone is invented, in 1876, by Alexander Graham Bell. He also invented the metal detector and the phonograph.
The term "Gilded Age," was coined by one of the most prolific authors of the period: Mark Twain. To read the letters and writings of Mark Twain, click here.
The Wealthiest Americans Ever, lists short biographies of the 30 richest individuals in an infographic format, from the New York Times (July 15, 2007).
• Industrialist, Businessman, and Philanthropist. • Founder of Carnegie Steel Company, which later became the US Steel Company. • Presided over the Homestead Strike, in which workers went on strike after wage cuts • Founded the Carnegie Institute of Technology, which is now Carnegie-Mellon University.
Andrew Carnegie became successful using a business technique called "horizontal integration.
A description of both it and Rockefeller's vertical integration can be found here.
• Financier, Banker, Philanthropist, and Art Collector. • Arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thompson-Houson Electric Company to form General Electric in 1892. • After his death, he bequeathed most of his art collection to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. • After his father’s death, JP Morgan took control of J.S. Morgan & Co.
• Industrialist and Philanthropist. • Founded the Standard Oil Company in 1862. • Before his death, Rockefeller became the wealthiest man in the world, and the first Billionaire. He held 90 percent of the world's oil refineries, 90 percent of marketing of oil, and one-third of all the oil wells.
When he died, he was worth $340 billion, more than 4 times the current wealth of Bill Gates
• “His foundations pioneered the development of medical research, and was instrumental in the eradication of hookworm and yellow fever.” • For more, visit The Rockefellers from PBS American Experience.
• Entrepreneur • His railroad company's name was Accessory Transit Company. • He acquired the New York and Harlem Railroad in 1862-63, the Hudson River Railroad in 1864, and the New York Central Railroad in 1867. In 1869, they were merged into New York Central and Hudson River Railroad.
Which of the following groups of people were the primary builders of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States?
A. federal prison laborers
B. Chinese and Irish immigrants
C. captured Confederate soldiers
D. slaves and free African Americans
Correct Answer: B
Click here to learn about the experiences of Chinese-American and Irish-American workers on the Central-Pacific Railroad, the Western-most section of the Transcontinental Railroad.
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J.P. Morgan
Sample MCAS Test Question (2008)
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