CROSS-LINK: The Korean War
The Cold War
American actions gave rise to what has been called the Domino Theory when it came to the spreading of communism. America believed that if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries would follow suit until the entire world turned communist.
Dwight Eisenhower was the first president to talk openly about the Domino Theory (Presidential News Conference, April 7, 1954), but it was around before he took office. North Korea invaded South Korea after a several years of skirmishes along the 38th parallel. During the war the advantage shifted sides rapidly up until the ceasefire in 1953. The war never officially ended, there are still U.S. troops stationed along the 38th parallel today.
The Qing Dynasty was the last in Chinese History, ending in 1911 (see map below). From 1911 to 1949, China was ruled by a republican form of government.
On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China replaced the Chinese Republic.
In 1966, Mao and his allies launched the Cultural Revolution which led to a major upheaval in Chinese society. After Mao's death in 1976 and the arrest of the Gang of Four, Deng Xiaoping quickly wrested power from Mao's anointed successor Hua Guofeng.
To read the present Chinese Constitution, click here for the Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1982).
The world began to see China as less of a puppet regime serving the Soviet Union, wielding great power in its own right.
The emergence of China as a new communist superpower frightened leaders in the U.S. The U.S. now believed they would have to face two communist powers, one in Europe and the other in Asia.
Want more background on the rise of the People's Republic of China? Click here for a crash course!
Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi established Stalinist rule in Hungary. The rule of the Rákosi government was nearly unbearable for Hungary's war-torn citizens. This led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Hungary's temporary withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact.
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union could not have a communist nation turn non-communist. Hungary was a Soviet satellite state and under Soviet control along with most of Eastern Europe.
The U.S. could not do much in the way of aiding the rebels in Hungary. President Eisenhower said, "that there was little the United States could do short of risking global war to help the rebels."
With that being the case, the Soviets defeated the rebels within about a week. For the next three decades Hungary remained under the control of the Soviet Union. Only when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1989, did Hungary become free.
For a clear list of causes and effects of the Hungarian Uprising, click here.
Here is a 10 minute video overview of the Hungarian Uprising from YouTube here.
For more photos of the Hungarian Uprising, visit LIFE Magazine's photo gallery.
The increasing importance of the oil industry marked the creation of the modern Middle East. These developments led to a growing presence of the United States in Middle East affairs.
The U.S. did get involved in the Middle East due to the massive oil reserves in those countries. The Soviet Union moved ever closer towards the Middle East in the late 1960s/early 1970s which made the U.S. react.
The Shah became extremely unpopular in Iran because he used his police, the SAVAK, like SS troops. They ruled with an iron fist killing any civilian opposing the regime.
The high leader of the Islamic fundamentalists was the Ayatollah Khomeini, who was exiled to Iraq, but still spoke out against the Shah. He had a great following of Iranians and eventually they overthrew the Shah in the late 1970s. Before the overthrow, the U.S. got into a hostage situation at its embassy in Terhan, Iran in 1979.
A group of Iran radical students opposing the Shah's rule took 55 Americans hostage in the US embassy for 444 days which came to be known as the Iranian Hostage Crisis.
Click here to read material from Iran Hostage Robert C. Ode's diary.
Click here for an ABC News Report six days into the hostage crisis.
Six US State Department employees were able to escape the Embassy and take refuge in the homes of Canadian Embassy officers. The US Government developed several major operations to address this national crisis. Among them was a scheme developed by a small team of CIA operatives to disguise and false-documentation specialists to exfiltrate the “Canadian Six” (as they became known) from the country.
Click here for a video created in 1980, highlighting the events along with interviews from the people involved.
In 2012, a movie was released entitled, Argo, based on the true story of a CIA operation to rescue six American's in Tehran during the crisis.
Click here for an NPR article about the movie, and the experiences of those involved.
Click here for an article published by TIME magazine, which highlights the efforts of Canada in this operation.
The Vietnam War was a military conflict in present day Vietnam occurring from 1959 to April 30, 1975.
The conflict was a successful effort by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV or North Vietnam) and the indigenous National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, (also known as the Việt Cộng, or more informally as the "Charlie", "VC" or "Cong") to establish a communist system by defeating the South Vietnamese Republic of Vietnam (RVN).
The North Vietnamese army and those fighting for a communist Vietnam were led by a widely loved man named Ho Chi Minh,
The Vietnam War was largely a "proxy war" between the U.S. and its Western allies against the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China supporting the DRV.
As a result of this, the Vietnam War is often considered part of the Cold War.
As in many Cold War proxy wars, the United States' aim was to stop the spread of Communism in other countries, fearing that these Communist regimes would become puppet governments of their main rival, the Soviet Union.
Anti-War Protests and Kent State Massacre
The US became bogged down in Vietnam for many years. It tarnished US credibility and made many US citizens upset. The public protested the war for many years all around the US.
Anti-war campaigns taking place in America included a large college involvement.
Click here to read about the legacy of the Vietnam War.
The contributions of African-American soldiers in the Vietnam War are often not recognized. For a NY TIMES article on African-American soldiers in the Vietnam War, click here.
Vietnam War Videos
The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968, when Alexander Dubček came to power, and running until August 21 of that year when the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies invaded the country.
A good description of causes and effects of Prague Spring can be found here.
Click here for an article reviewing and remembering the events of the Prague Spring.
Click here for a 20 minute documentary on the Prague Spring.
To see President Obama describing the impact of the 40th Anniversary of the Prague Spring, click here. In his address, President Obama makes an interesting comparison to the Russia’s intrusion on Georgia in 2008.
H) Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972)
Anti-ballistic missile launch
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty or ABMT) was a treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons.
On May 26, 1972, President Richard Nixon and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Leonid Brezhnev, signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
The goal behind this treaty was to deter either country from launching nuclear missiles. Both countries agreed to the treaty, but obviously watched each other very closely.
In the mid-1980s president Reagan funded a space defense program called "Star Wars." The idea was to develop a massive force field-like shield in outer space which would protect the US from a nuclear attack.
The program cost the US billions of dollars and was never seriously tested. The technology was not available and the program also went against the ABM treaty. The Soviets were outraged at the U.S. and complained to the UN. The U.S. cut the program rather quickly and instead used funds to bolster the defense of missile silos around the country.
The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and the United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. The United States and the Soviet Union limited the countries' stock of nuclear weapons in 1968.
The treaties resulting from these negotiations are called SALT I and SALT II.
In 2001, President George W. Bush announced that the US would be withdrawing from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. Click here for a video of C-SPAN explaining this event. Watch Bush' speech here.
See also, Timeline: Soviet War in Afghanistan from BBC News.
CNN Presents produced a documentary called “The Soldiers of God” describing the War in Afghanistan between the Soviet Union and Afghanis. The transcript is available here.
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan was not a Grand Design but a Grand Entanglement from the National Security Archives at George Mason University.
With U.S. Set to Leave Afghanistan, Echoes of 1989 from the New York Times, January 1, 2013
Sources:
[1] The Korean War: An Overview. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from the BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/korea_hickey_01.shtml
[2] Mao’s China and the Cold War. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from UNC Press: http://www.ibiblio.org/uncpress/chapters/chen_maos.html
“[3] The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from George Washington University: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/
[4] The Prague Spring of 1968. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from the Western College of New England: http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/world/lectures/praguespring.html
[5] The Korean War – Police Action. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from EDSITEment: http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=684
[6] Korean War Special Images. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from the Department of the Navy: http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/kowar/kowar.htm
[7]State-listed Casualties of the Korean Conflict. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from the National Archives: http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/kowar/kowar.htm
[8]The People’s Republic of China. Retrieved on March 3, 2010: http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/prc.html.
[9] Mátyás Rákosi. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi
[10] Hungarian Uprising. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVdQ9PK9Q5o.
[11] The People’s Republic of China Constitution. Retrieved on March 3, 2010: http://english.people.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html
[12] Iran Hostage Robert C. Ode's diary. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from the Jimmy Carter Library & Musuem: http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/r_ode/index.phtml
[13] Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive Activity. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from Teaching American History: http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/cubanmissilecrisis/
[14]Clip from Thirteen Days. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZAwvCKoSi8&feature=related
[15] The Berlin Wall. Retrieved on March 3, 2010: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZAwvCKoSi8&feature=related
[16] “Vietnam” Lecture by Jennifer Burns. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from UC Berkley: http://webcast.berkeley.edu/course_details.php?seriesid=1906978276.
[17] “Women, the Unknown Soldier.” Retrieved on March 3, 2010: http://www.deanza.edu/faculty/swensson/bestresearch_womensoldiers.html
[18] “40th Anniversary of the Prague Spring”. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGScGoGtbO0
[19] ATM Treaty. Retrieved on March 3, 2010 from the Department of State: http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/treaties/abmpage.html
[20] Cultural Revolution and the Five-Year Plan of China http://departments.kings.edu/history/20c/china.html#Great