Congress, the President, the Bureaucracy and the Courts


Image by Nina Paley

Image by Nina Paley

 

  

Focus Question:  What are the institutional arrangements of political and governmental power in the United States?

 

 

Topics on the page

 
Congress (the Legislative Branch)

 

 

 

 

 

 

The President

 

US History Cross-Links:

 

 

Bureaucracy
 

Federal Courts

 

Government Cross-Links

 

 

 

 

eBook Connection: The Roles of Congress, the President and the Courts

 

United States Capitol, Politics 

Congress (The Legislative Branch)

 

Locate Members of Congress at Congress.gov from the Library of Congress

 

The Power of the Purse

 

The Federal Power to Spend, from Exploring Constitutional Conflicts

 

The Power of the Purse, National Archives

 

 

There are two types of federal spending:  Mandatory and Discretionary

 

Mandatory:  Required spending on entitlements and interest on the national debt

 

Discretionary:  Everything else, including

 

America's Indefensible Defense Budget, Jessica T. Mathews, The New York Review of Books (July 18, 2019), p. 23

 

 

Who Sets Fiscal Policy--the President or Congress?  Investopedia (August 19, 2018)

 

The National Priorities Project

 

 

 

For more, link to Revenue and Expenditures for Local, State and Federal Government

 

 

 A Day in the Life of US Congressman John Carney from Delaware on YouTube, February 12, 2012.

 

 
Click here for a video from PBS about The Congress of the United States of America.

 

For a fun singing bill becoming a law, click here

 

 

 Women in the American Government

 

 

 

African Americans in the American Government

Hispanic Americans in the American Government

 

 

Keith Ellison, First Muslim Congressman
Keith Ellison, First Muslim Congressman


Faith on the Hill: The Religious Composition of the 114th Congress from Pew Research Center (January 5, 2015)

 

 

Is the legislative branch becoming corrupt? This article from The Hill explores this question.

 

The Presidency (The Executive Branch)

 

For a timeline of all U.S. presidents, click here

 

 

Read here about Barack Obama, America's first African American President.

 

 

 

Read here about John F. Kennedy, America's first Roman Catholic President. 

 


PDF of the past female candidates for President and Vice President.

 

Click here for more on presidents, including information, games, lesson plans, and other cross links

 

 

 

One Observatory Circle, Official Residence of the Vice President

Public Domain

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/1OC2003.jpg

 

 

The Vice-President

 

Vice-President of the United States (President of the Senate)

 

The Vice President's Residence & Office

 

Pictures of the nation's 48 Vice Presidents from John Adams to Mike Pence

 

 

Fourteen of the former vice presidents became president of the United States—more than half of them after a president had died.

 

 

 

Background Information on Indicting a President for a Crime

 

In 2012, reviewing evidence that was not available at the time of the break-in, reporters Woodward and Bernstein suggested that Nixon did commit crimes for which he could have been tried in a court of law. In 1974, Gerald Ford, the Vice President who became President, ended any opportunity for future criminal prosecution by issuing an “absolute pardon” to Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as President.

 

The question of Presidential immunity from indictment and prosecution has been a central issue during the Trump Presidency.  In 2019, as part of two cases related to the release of his tax records, lawyers for Donald Trump argued that a President is immune from prosecution while in office. Responding to state grand jury subpoena for Trump’s tax returns, his lawyers said that the Constitution “prohibits investigating, prosecuting or indicting a President while he is in office” (CNN Politics, 2019). The lawyers contend that legal proceedings would prevent a President from performing his constitutional duties by diverting his time from governing to defending himself in court.

 

The extent or non-existence of Presidential immunity is a subject with different interpretations.  William Consovoy, an attorney in one of the Trump tax return cases, famously said that if the President shot someone on Fifth Avenue in New York City, he could not be arrested and charged with that crime until he was no longer in office. However, in Clinton v. Jones(1997), the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that a President was not immune from a civil lawsuit based on events that took place prior to becoming President. For more information about that case, explore Clinton v. Jones from the Encyclopedia of Arkansas.

 

U.S. v. Nixon(1974) is a landmark Supreme Court case related to the limits of what information a President can keep secret from the public and the press under the doctrine of “executive privilege.” President Nixon had taped many of his oral office conversations with the Plumbers and others. When asked for the tapes, Nixon refused to deliver them citing executive privilege. Executive privilege is the concept that a President (or other top government officials) has a right to keep information from the public.An issue in this situation was the extent of President Nixon’s executive privilege in regards to information about the Watergate Break-In and the President’s role in devising and carrying out the plans.

 

In a unanimous decision in United States v. Nixon, the Supreme Court stated that Nixon must hand over the tapes. The decision upheld the longstanding precedent of Marbury v. Madison (1803), which gave the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review.  The Court asserted that it had the responsibility under the U.S. Constitution to interpret the powers of the President. Nixon disagreed with the decision.

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Bureaucracy

 

 

Click here 

 

 

 

 

 

Infographic from USA Gov

 

 

The Federal Courts

 

 

 

The fourteenth amendments history and why it is so important.

 

 

Why Does The Supreme Court Have Nine Justices?

 

NO

 

 

 

Yes

 

 

 

 

African Americans in the Supreme Court


The first African American judge on the Supreme Court was Thurgood Marshall. 

 

When he was a lawyer for the NAACP, he successfully argued and won Brown v. Board of Education, the case where the Supreme Court declared segregated schools unconstitutional.

 

 

 

 

Sandra Day O'Connor, First Female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 2011 

Women in the Supreme Court

 

Sonia Sotomayor is the first Spanish Supreme Court judge. Read 8 things you may have not know about her from PBS here.

 

Sandra Day O'Connor was the first women elected to the Supreme Court and served for 24 years. She was appointed by Ronald Reagan and was the swing vote on many landmark cases as such the case in upholding Roe v. Wade

 

Link to more about the Supreme Court

This article from the Washington Post takes an interesting look at Supreme Justice limits (it's the only branch without term limits).

 

 

 

 

 

external image Stack.pngCitizen Legislatures in the United States

 

Vermont State House, Montpelier

 

Vermont State House, Montpelier
Full and Part Time Legislatures organizes the 50 state legislative bodies into five major categories.

 

 

 

Debating the Pros and Cons of a Citizen Legislature, a podcast from Vermont Public Radio (February 6, 2012). Vermont does not have a full-time professional legislature.

 


For more, see Under the Golden Dome: The Stories Behind Vermont's Citizen Legislature: Program 10.

Some Vermonters Can't Afford to Serve in the Citizen Legislature.

State Legislature Session Length from the University of Vermont compares Vermont's citizen legislature to Maryland's professional one.

Vermont's Legislative Process describes the working of the Vermont legislature.

Sources:
1. AP Gov Review

 

 


President Abraham Lincoln and General George B. McClellan in the general's tent at Antietam, Maryland, October 3, 1862

 

Lesson Plans & Teaching Strategies 

Click here for a fun, interactive game that educates children on the American government system and the three branches.

 

 

The United States Post Office

 

 

Delivering the Mail by Dog Sled in Alaska, 1906

Image on Wikimedia Commons/ Public Domain

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?sort=relevance&search=File%3AUnited+States+Mail+dogsled+team%2C+Nome%2C+April+8%2C+1906+%28NOWELL+155%29.jpeg&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%7D&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&ns100=1&ns106=1#/media/File:United_States_Mail_dogsled_team,_Nome,_April_8,_1906_(NOWELL_155).jpeg